分解炉空气分级燃烧及NOx排放特性研究

随着我国经济的飞速发展,作为重要基础材料的水泥产品需求量极大且趋于稳定。水泥生产过程中的NOx排放与燃煤火电厂和汽车尾气产生的NOx排放已成为空气污染的主要来源,而分解炉是降低水泥生产工艺中NOx排放的有效设备。笔者在引入高温烟气的模拟分解炉内进行空气分级燃烧试验,研究配风位置、配风比例以及石灰石/煤比例对分解炉内燃烧和NOx排放特性的影响规律。试验稳定过程中,高温烟气发生装置的给煤量和配风量保持不变。此时,高温烟气发生装置的时间平均温度为911℃,其产生的高温烟气温度稳定在750℃左右,高温烟气中NOx主要以NO和N2O的形式存在,其浓度分别为261.49×10^-6和12.96×10^-6。该股高温烟气将模拟实际回转窑产生的烟气进入分解炉内。在分解炉的上部区域(距离顶部0~2 000 mm区域)的温度为800~1 000℃,与实际分解炉运行温度一致,排放烟气中NOx主要以NO和N2O形式存在。随着中间配风位置的下移,煤粉燃烧放热区域下移,而顶部区域的石灰石吸热量变化较小,则原有热量平衡被打破且原有吸热量高于现有放热量,导致顶部区域内燃烧温度降低。此时,还原气氛中煤粉燃烧和石灰石分解反应时间均变长,导致NOx的还原反应更加充分。但石灰石分解产生的氧化钙(CaO)作为中间产物会促进NO的生成反应,其反应时间增加也促进了NO的生成;另一方面,石灰石作为催化剂参与焦炭和挥发分还原NO的反应过程,分解炉顶部区域的温度下降使得该还原反应变弱。综上,NO的最终排放浓度是以上反应的综合结果。随着配风位置的下移,该变化对NO的生成作用更加明显,故NO的排放浓度逐渐升高。当一级风量与二级风量的配风比例降低时,分解炉上部区域的煤粉燃烧份额减少和石灰石分解量降低,而分解炉下部区域的煤粉燃烧份额增加和未分解的石灰石份额增加,但石灰石的吸热增加量高于燃烧增加份额的放热量,因此分解炉内整体温度均降低。分解炉内NO浓度是由石灰石催化的氧化过程和还原过程综合决定的。一级风量变小时,尾部CO浓度随之增加,烟气中NO浓度呈现降低的趋势。当石灰石/煤比例增加时,分解炉内沿程温度逐渐下降。随着石灰石给粉量增加,分解炉内石灰石受热分解产生的CaO浓度增加,CaO催化NO还原反应更剧烈,从而NO浓度逐渐降低。而石灰石给粉量增加和分解炉温度降低的过程导致尾部的CO浓度升高。     

Evolution mechanism of active groups and thermal effects of Chinese lignite in low-temperature oxidation

Abstract

The evolution of active groups at low temperature was examined using Chinese lignite by infrared technology and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the hydroxyl, aliphatic ether, methylene, and methyl groups played important roles in the low-temperature oxidation of lignite below 200?°C. Carbonyl and carboxyl groups were important intermediates. Thus, a multi-step evolution mechanism involving the hydroxyl, aliphatic ether groups, and alkane was reasoned to describe the low-temperature oxidation of lignite. In addition, according to the oxidation kinetics experiment and the evolution laws of the active groups, the ratios of the reaction lines were determined considering the accuracy of thermal effects. The thermal effects and the heat release intensities of each temperature interval were obtained based on the evolution mechanism and the reaction ratios. The shortest spontaneous combustion period of lignite was calculated and compared with the experimental value, which proved that the reasoned evolution mechanism of the active groups and the calculations of the thermal effects were reliable.     

运输机皮带撕裂原因分析及特征实验研究

带式运输机是重要的连续性运输设备，皮带撕裂是造成带式运输机运输失效的重要因素。详细分析了引起皮带撕裂的常见原因，并给出了合理的预防措施。针对皮带撕裂现象构建皮带撕裂实验平台，并通过皮带受力应变实验分析掌握了皮带撕裂的特征，为预防皮带撕裂的发生提供了一定的理论依据。     

Experimental investigation of the primary combustion zone during staged combustion of wood-chips in a commercial small-scale boiler

In this work the primary combustion zone of a modified, commercial, small-scale boiler was investigated during staged combustion of wood-chips. Experimental research on thermal conversion of biomass in fixed beds is necessary to supply reliable data for gas phase combustion model validation and optimization. Furthermore, scruting of pollutant emission formation and combustion efficiency enhancement can be conducted. Two different fuel moistures were used while the primary combustion zone of a small-scale boiler was investigated as a function of the primary air ratio. The combustible products leaving the fuel layer were analyzed under continuous operation by an extractive method. This approach is new in the field of small-scale biomass combustion research and considers the strong coupling between the products leaving the fuel bed and the heat fluxes emitted by the flame of the secondary combustion zone. Additionally, fine particulate matter emissions were quantified to study the effect of varying primary air ratio and different fuel moisture on particulate formation. Results show that the primary air ratio and the fuel moisture have a significant influence on the primary combustion products composition, on the fuel bed behavior and on fine particulate matter emissions. At low primary air ratios, tars constitute a significant part of the heating value of primary combustion products. The smallest amount of particulate emissions was found at low primary air ratio and low fuel moisture. Experimental data was validated with an elemental balance, which showed perfect accordance.     

Application of an empirical model in CFD simulations to predict the local high temperature corrosion potential in biomass fired boilers

To gain reliable data for the development of an empirical model for the prediction of the local high temperature corrosion potential in biomass fired boilers, online corrosion probe measurements have been carried out. The measurements have been performed in a specially designed fixed bed/drop tube reactor in order to simulate a superheater boiler tube under well-controlled conditions. The investigated boiler steel 13CrMo4-5 is commonly used as steel for superheater tube bundles in biomass fired boilers. Within the test runs the flue gas temperature at the corrosion probe has been varied between 625 °C and 880 °C, while the steel temperature has been varied between 450 °C and 550 °C to simulate typical current and future live steam temperatures of biomass fired steam boilers. To investigate the dependence on the flue gas velocity, variations from 2 m·s⁻¹ to 8 m·s⁻¹ have been considered. The empirical model developed fits the measured data sufficiently well. Therefore, the model has been applied within a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of flue gas flow and heat transfer to estimate the local corrosion potential of a wood chips fired 38 MW steam boiler. Additionally to the actual state analysis two further simulations have been carried out to investigate the influence of enhanced steam temperatures and a change of the flow direction of the final superheater tube bundle from parallel to counter-flow on the local corrosion potential.     

Optimization control of hydrogen engine ignition system based on ACO-BP

With the development of new energy, hydrogen fuel engines have become a research boom in the automotive field. But there are abnormal problems such as backfire and pre-ignition during the combustion of hydrogen engines. This paper is based on the Ant Colony Optimization-Back Propagation (ACO-BP) algorithm to study the influence of different speed and load conditions on the ignition advance angle, so as to optimize the control of the hydrogen engine. The experimental system is established on a hydrogen engine converted from a 492Q gasoline engine. The prediction of the optimal ignition advance angle was obtained through experiments, and the optimal ignition MAP diagram of the hydrogen engine is constructed. The optimal ignition advance angle under different working conditions can effectively avoid the occurrence of hydrogen engine pre-ignition. The accuracy reaches 0.0018209 when the training reaches 14 times, the fitness between the actual value and the predicted value of ACO-BP training is 0.99921, the verification accuracy reaches 0.99913, and the test accuracy reaches 0.99932. Compared with the three optimization methods, the convergence speed and error accuracy of ACO-BP are significantly better than the BP neural networks and Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation (GA-BP). This method realized the model of the nonlinear mapping model from hydrogen engine speed and load to optimal ignition advance angle, which is of great significance for solving the problem of abnormal combustion in hydrogen engine.     

Effects of different drying methods on the physicochemical property and edible quality of fermented Pyracantha fortuneana fruit powder

In this study, hot air drying (HAD), hot air-/microwave-assisted vacuum drying (HAMAVD) and hot air-assisted microwave drying (HAAMD) were applied to lactic acid-fermented Pyracantha fortuneana fruit (PFF). Influences of different drying methods on fluidity and dispersion, microstructure, hygroscopicity, rehydration, colour change, sourness and energy consumption were investigated. Results showed that HAAMD had the best overall performance on the quality of the PFF powder. HAAMD PFF powder had higher expansion force (1.65 mL g⁻¹) and water-holding capacity (2.68 g g⁻¹), lower degree of compression (9.09%) and energy consumption, smaller colour change and better taste. Organic acids (mainly malic acids) of all drying powders decreased, but HAAMD and HAMAVD could better improve the acidity characteristics of PFF powders, which may be related to the drying time and the temperature change processes. Consequently, this study can provide references for the utilisation of fresh PFF, the design and commercialisation of PFF-related products.     

低分子量聚丙烯酸钾的合成及其应用

采用水溶液聚合法制备了低分子量聚丙烯酸钾（PAAK），并作为新型消焰剂加入单基发射药中。通过火焰原子吸收光谱法测试了PAAK中钾的含量；用乌氏黏度计测定了特性黏度；采用DSC法研究不同pH值的PAAK与硝化棉（NC）的相容性；利用充氮氧弹法对添加PAAK、硝酸钾KNO₃、硫酸钾K₂SO₄的单基发射药的燃烧残渣进行了对比研究。结果表明，合成的PAAK中，钾的质量分数为15.21%，相对分子量在3 000左右，有利于和NC均匀混合，且在中性或微碱性（pH＝7.0~7.5）的情况与NC相容性良好。与传统的KNO₃、K₂SO₄消焰剂相比，PAAK能够和NC均匀混合，制备均质透明的单基发射药；PAAK发射药的燃烧残渣最少，占发射药质量的0.18%。     

高氯酸铵含量对高铝富燃料推进剂中重要组分高氯酸铵/铝 一次燃烧性能和铝粉团聚的影响

采用CO2激光点火装置联合高速摄影系统及扫描电子显微镜等凝聚相燃烧产物分析技术，研究了高氯酸铵(AP)含量对高Al富燃料推进剂中重要组分AP/Al一次燃烧过程中燃烧现象、引燃时间、燃烧扩散时间、燃尽时间、燃烧效率、颗粒团聚及凝聚相燃烧产物的表面形貌、粒径及其分布的影响。结果表明，各AP/Al混合粉体的燃烧过程均可分为表面引燃、燃烧扩散和火焰熄灭3个阶段，但各样品在不同燃烧阶段的燃烧现象存在明显差异。AP含量由10wt%增至30wt%，样品燃烧剧烈程度增强，燃烧过程中固相颗粒的溅射现象越加明显；在火焰熄灭阶段，各样品燃烧由以停留在样品燃面处的燃烧为主逐渐变为以溅射颗粒的燃烧为主，且随反应进行，燃面已燃固相颗粒最先熄灭，各样品表面引燃时间、燃烧扩散时间、燃烧持续时间均缩短，即燃烧反应速率逐渐加快。在AP/Al混合物中，铝粉的燃烧效率、凝聚相燃烧产物粒度及其团聚程度随AP含量增加而增加。